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Comprehensive list of Japanese particles

 

Core Particles (Case Markers)

ParticleFunction / UseExampleMeaning
は (wa)Topic marker私は学生です。As for me, I am a student.
が (ga)Subject marker; emphasis; first mention猫が好きです。I like cats.
を (wo/o)Direct object markerパンを食べます。I eat bread.
に (ni)Time, direction, indirect object, purpose7時に起きます。I wake up at 7.
へ (e)Direction marker (less common than に)学校へ行きます。I go to school.
で (de)Place of action, means, materialバスで行きます。I go by bus.
と (to)"And" (with nouns), "with", quoting speech友達と話しました。I talked with my friend.
から (kara)From (time/place), because東京から来ました。I came from Tokyo.
まで (made)Until (time/place)5時まで働きます。I work until 5.


Conjunctive / Connecting Particles

ParticleFunction / UseExampleMeaning
も (mo)"Also", "too", negation emphasis私も学生です。I am a student too.
や (ya)Incomplete list, "such as"パンやご飯を食べます。I eat things like bread and rice.
とか (toka)Casual version of や本とか雑誌とか読みます。I read things like books and magazines.
し (shi)Reasons (non-exhaustive), emphasis安いし、美味しいし。It's cheap and tasty (among other things).


Contrast, Restriction, Emphasis

ParticleFunction / UseExampleMeaning
の (no)Possessive; explanation; noun modifier彼の本です。It is his book.
ね (ne)Seeking agreement, softeningいい天気ですね。Nice weather, huh?
よ (yo)Emphasis, assertion本当ですよ！It’s true, you know!
しか (shika)"Only" (with negative verb)水しか飲まない。I only drink water.
だけ (dake)"Only", "just" (neutral)一人だけ来た。Only one person came.
でも (demo)"But", "even", "also", "or something"コーヒーでも飲みましょう。Let’s have coffee or something.
ばかり (bakari)"Only", "just", often excessive食べてばかりいる。I do nothing but eat.


Sentence-ending Particles

ParticleFunction / UseExampleMeaning
か (ka)Question marker元気ですか？How are you?
な (na)Masculine softener, casual exclamation行くな。Don’t go.
ぞ (zo)Masculine emphasis行くぞ！I’m going (emphatic)!
ぜ (ze)Masculine, softer than ぞ行こうぜ！Let’s go!


Special Use Particles

ParticleFunction / UseExampleMeaning
やら (yara)Uncertain examples本やら雑誌やらBooks and magazines and stuff
なり (nari)Alternatives (formal/literary)水なりお茶なり飲みなさい。Drink water or tea (or something).
って (tte)Quoting; casual "は"; topic彼って優しいね。He’s kind, right?

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